The point of building a systematic and comprehensive framework of English grammar is that you can put everything you read and encounter in it to analyze and organize. On the one hand, you can reinforce your existing grammatical knowledge; on the other, you can learn (an infinite amount of) new things about words, expressions, and even cultural elements.
Here is a random sentence lifted from a recent news article from the British newspaper The Guardian:
Meta denies wrongdoing, and the amount it plans to pay will be spread over a decade.
Meta 否認有任何不當行為，而它計劃支付的款項將會分十年支付。
What grammatical knowledge can we reinforce with this simple sentence?
If you have taken “Core Concepts of English” before, you would be able to identify that this relatively simple sentence is first made up of two parts “linked” by the conjunction “and.”
“And” is a so-called coordinating conjunction because its role is to “add” another clause to a clause that is already a standalone sentence in its own right. The extra clause after “and” is structurally equal to — or on the same structural “level” as — the previous clause.
So, the parts linked by “and” here are:
[ Meta denies wrongdoing, ] and [ the amount it plans to pay will be spread over a decade. ]
The clause before “and” and the clause after “and” are on the same structural level.
But the clause after “and” actually contains another embedded clause inside it:
…and [ the amount [ (that) it plans to pay ] will be spread over a decade. ]
What kind of embedded clause is [ (that) it plans to pay ]?
It is a relative clause — the type of embedded clause that acts as an adjective to a noun phrase in its outer clause. Here, the relative clause [ (that) it plans to pay ] is modifying the noun phrase the amount as its adjective, expressing the meaning of 它打算支付的（款項).
The relative pronoun “that,” which represents the amount inside the relative clause, has been omitted — as it can be — because it is not playing the role of the subject inside the relative clause. The subject is “it.”
So, the whole sentence can be broken down in our analysis like this:
[ Meta denies wrongdoing, ] and [ the amount [ it plans to pay ] will be spread over a decade. ]
What other things can we learn from this simple sentence?
We can look at the vocabulary and expressions in it and tease out their specific meanings and structural characteristics in context. This is an important step in self-learning if we want to consistently build our productive knowledge of English.
For example, we can learn that the verb “deny,” when expressing this meaning, takes a direct object — as in “deny wrongdoing.”
We can also reinforce or add to our understanding of noun markers in English noun phrases — namely, that an abstract singular noun like “wrongdoing” often appears without a noun marker such as an article when it refers to an abstract entity or concept. Here, it is “deny wrongdoing” — not “deny a wrongdoing” or “deny the wrongdoing.”
What else can we learn or reinforce?
For example, we can look at the finite verb form “will be spread” in the outer clause of the part linked by “and.”
You can always test your knowledge of finite verb forms against real-life examples. What tense and aspect does this form have? Then, going one step further, you can think about the meaning that this particular finite verb form is expressing in this specific context, so that you can eventually express the same kind of meaning with this form in your own sentences.
“Will be spread” is in the future tense. It is in the simple aspect, but it has passive voice — that is why we have the auxiliary “be” and the past participle form of “spread,” which happens also to be “spread.” (If you didn’t know that the past participle form of “spread” is “spread” before, you can learn it here also.)
Here, the meaning expressed by this form is quite straightforward: the subject, “the amount it plans to pay,” will receive this core action in the future.
This is just a simple everyday example of how, once you have a grammatical framework in place, you can use virtually everything you encounter in English as an opportunity to reinforce what you already know and keep adding new knowledge to the same system.
建立一套有系統而完整的英文整體文法框架的目的，是讓你可以把自己讀到、接觸到的所有英文，都放進這套框架之中分析和整理。一方面，你可以鞏固自己原有的文法知識；另一方面，你亦可以不斷學到（幾乎無限多的）新知識，包括詞彙、表達方式，甚至文化元素。
以下是一句我隨手從英國報章 The Guardian 最近一篇新聞文章中抽出來的句子：
Meta denies wrongdoing, and the amount it plans to pay will be spread over a decade.
Meta 否認有任何不當行為，而它計劃支付的款項將會分十年支付。
我們可以透過這句簡單的句子，鞏固哪些文法知識呢？
如果你以前修讀過 Core Concepts of English，你應該可以辨認到，這句相對簡單的句子，首先由兩個透過連接詞 and「連接」起來的部分組成。
And 是一個所謂的對等連接詞，因為它的作用，是在一個本身在結構和意思上都已經可以獨立成句的子句之後，再「加上」另一個子句。And 後面的額外子句，在結構上和前面的子句是對等的——亦即處於相同的結構層次。
所以，這裡由 and 連接的兩個部分是：
[ Meta denies wrongdoing, ] and [ the amount it plans to pay will be spread over a decade. ]
And 前面的子句和 and 後面的子句，處於同一個結構層次。
不過，and 後面的子句，其實本身又包含了另一個嵌入其中的嵌入子句：
…and [ the amount [ (that) it plans to pay ] will be spread over a decade. ]
那麼，[ (that) it plans to pay ] 是哪一種嵌入子句呢？
它是一個關係子句 relative clause——亦即一種在外層子句中，充當某個名詞組的形容詞的嵌入子句。
在這裡，關係子句 [ (that) it plans to pay ] 正在修飾名詞組 the amount，充當它的形容詞，表達的是「它打算支付的（款項）」這個意思。
關係代名詞 that 在這關係子句中是代替被修飾的 the amount 的，但它被省略了，因為 that 在這個關係子句內並不是充當主語角色。這個關係子句內的主語是 it。
所以，整句句子在分析時應這樣拆開：
[ Meta denies wrongdoing, ] and [ the amount [ it plans to pay ] will be spread over a decade. ]
那麼，我們還可以從這句簡單的句子中學到甚麼？
我們可以看看句子中的詞彙和表達方式，並在具體語境中進一步分析它們的特定意思和結構特徵。
如果我們希望持續建立自己對英文的生產性知識，而不只是看懂句子，這是自主學習中非常重要的一步。
例如，我們可以學到，動詞 deny 在表達這個意思時，會直接帶一個直接賓語，例如：
deny wrongdoing
我們亦可以藉此鞏固，或者補充自己對英文名詞組中名詞標記的理解。
例如，像 wrongdoing 這種抽象、文法上不可數並已單數字形出現的名詞，在表達它的抽象實體或概念時，往往不需要加上任何名詞標記，例如 article。
所以在這裡表達的意思中，是：deny wrongdoing
而不是：deny a wrongdoing （單數不可數名詞基本上不會被「a」標記）
或者：deny the wrongdoing
我們還可以學習或鞏固甚麼呢？
例如，我們可以看看由 and 連接的後面那個部分，其外層子句中的限定動詞字形：
will be spread
你其實可以隨時利用真實生活中遇到的例子，測試自己對限定動詞字形的理解。
這個字形有甚麼時態和體貌？再進一步，你還可以思考：這個限定動詞字形，在這個具體語境之中究竟表達甚麼意思？這樣，你日後就可以用同一個字形，在自己的句子中表達相同的意思。
Will be spread 顯示的是未來式時態，和簡單式體貌，但同時亦是被動語態——所以這裡會出現輔助動詞 be，以及 spread 的 past participle 字形。而剛好，spread 的 past participle 字形亦是 spread。（如果你以前不知道 spread 的 past participle 字形也是 spread，那麼你亦可以順便在這裡學到這一點。）
在這裡，這個字形所表達的意思相當直接：
主語 the amount it plans to pay，會在說話時的「未來」承受這個核心動作。
這只是一個很日常、很簡單的例子，用來說明：一旦你已經建立起一套文法框架，你其實可以把自己接觸到的幾乎每一句英文，都變成鞏固既有知識、並持續把新知識加入同一個系統之中的學習機會。